The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is undergoing a historic transformation as it moves from human-centric "Copilot" augmentation to autonomous "Agentic" orchestration. This article quantifies the impact of Generative AI (GenAI) agents on the SDLC as of 2026, focusing on the shift from synchronous code completion to asynchronous, multi-step goal execution.

            Our analysis identifies a radical compression of development timelines, with high-performing organizations achieving 10–20x increases in velocity and a 96% reduction in production defects through autonomous testing and "Janitor Agents." We examine the evolving economic landscape, where the reduction in human labour costs (dropping from 85% to 45% of total spend) is balanced against rising inference budgets and the necessity for MLOps infrastructure.

            Finally, the article addresses the "Human Element" via the SPACE framework, uncovering the "Burnout Paradox"—where the elimination of mundane tasks has paradoxically increased cognitive load and verification fatigue for developers. We conclude that the competitive advantage in 2026 is no longer defined by the volume of code generated, but by the efficiency of the "Quality-Velocity Composite" and the ability to liquidate technical debt through continuous synthesis.

    The present paper studies teachers' perspectives regarding the integration of ChatGPT into tertiary level education, its benefits and challenges. With modern technological advancements, applications of ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence are becoming increasingly popular in the field of education. One of the objectives of this research is to understand how ChatGPT is being used by teachers and what challenges arise for its effective use.

The noble medical profession, dedicated to preserving life, also carries inherent risks, particularly as public expectations of healthcare have risen with changing times. It is imperative that doctors perform their duties with due care and diligence toward their patients. Any breach of these duties may give rise to a cause of action for medical negligence. When an undesirable outcome follows a medical procedure, doctors are often condemned, and in some cases, litigation is initiated against both the doctor and the hospital authority by the patient's family, alleging medical negligence. This paper examines the standard of care imposed on medical professionals and scrutinizes the extent to which this duty is applied in determining medical negligence jurisprudence in India. It further analyzes the civil liability of doctors in negligence cases through judicial precedents. Additionally, the paper explores various legislative provisions that address this issue. It argues that a balancing act on the part of the judiciary is essential to ensure justice for the victims’ families without undermining the legitimate interests of medical professionals.

Women’s empowerment is central to the realization of Viksit Bharat@2047, India’s vision of becoming a developed, inclusive, and equitable nation by the centenary of independence. India has built a broad policy framework for women’s development through constitutional guarantees, gender-sensitive legislation, flagship programmes of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, financial inclusion initiatives, and entrepreneurship support platforms. Recent policy consolidation under schemes such as Mission Shakti and Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 reflects an effort to move from welfare-based support to multidimensional empowerment that includes safety, nutrition, care, livelihood, and access to public services. At the same time, persistent barriers remain: women’s work is still heavily informal, unpaid care responsibilities reduce labour market continuity, access to quality childcare and safe mobility remains uneven, and progress in leadership and political representation is slower than needed for transformational change.

This paper reviews the major women empowerment policies relevant to Viksit Bharat@2047 and analyses their strategic significance, implementation gaps, and future challenges. It argues that India’s policy direction is increasingly aligned with women-led development, but the success of this vision will depend on stronger inter-ministerial coordination, better gender budgeting, state-level delivery capacity, digital and financial inclusion, labour-market reforms, and stronger systems for measurement and accountability. The paper concludes that women’s empowerment must be treated as a cross-sector development strategy rather than as a stand-alone social policy field.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

To find out the effect of Respiratory muscle training (RMT) in COPD patients using threshold devices and breathing exercises and its respective effect on quality of life (QOL).

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

Overall 40 individuals were enrolled in this study on the basis of their IPAQ score which implies physically inactivity in the selected group of participants. They were partitioned into group of two, group A and group b, who performed RMT with threshold device and RMT with breathing exercises respectively. Cardiopulmonary pulmonary parameters were evaluated both pre-intervention and post-intervention which includes HR, RR, BP (SBP & DBP) by digital sphygmomanometer, SpO2 (using pulse oximeter) and level of dyspnea was measured and also ABC score pre and post intervention was recorded to check the effectiveness on quality of life.

RESULT:

A dedicated chapter for results has been discussed further in the study showing a significant change in variables specifically heart rate (HR), blood pressure (SBP & DBP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and assessment of burden of COPD (ABC) score which has a direct relation with the quality of life (QOL) of the participant in each group.

CONCLUSION:

The research establishes that RMT with the help of Threshold devices shows a better effect in QOL of COPD patients as compared to RMT with just simple breathing exercises.

Bloom’s taxonomy framework serves the purpose of delivering instructional design and curriculum transaction effectively from lower to higher level of students. With the advent of generative Artificial Intelligence, the Bloom’s Taxonomy needs to revive the psychological constructs resulting to the functional autonomy of learners in existing pedagogical framework. Employing a conceptual framework development methodology, the study critically examines the urgent need to refurbish the cognitive domain of Bloom’s taxonomy to include the Gen-AI tools and techniques to make it more comprehensive and time relevant. Special attention is given to enhance the higher order cognitive skills while building strong foundation in lower order cognitive structure. Previous relevant studies showed scarcity of sources which specially address the need of reconstructing Bloom’s Taxonomy in English Language Education. Hence, this research study explicitly focuses on how AI-inclusion in Bloom’s taxonomy changed the notion of developing higher order knowledge in English language acquisition. This tentative theoretical framework proposes and suggests the policy holders and educators to consider the existing pedagogical framework with revised AI-infused Bloom’s taxonomy in English language education.

Today, social media is an integral part of our lives, mostly because it has changed the way that people behave as customers. Social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook have become primary platforms for communicating and interacting with brands The main goal of this research paper therefore is to assess the influence of social media on the buying behaviour of consumers and the possibility that digital engagement affects purchasing. The case study of Nykaa is used to evaluate the influence of social media within the beauty and wellness industry based on the impact that it had on its success. It is noteworthy to highlight that the influencer marketing industry in India is projected to grow to INR 3,375 crores (approximately $436 million) by 2026 with an anticipated CAGR of 18% — thus demonstrating the increasing commercial importance of social media. The analysis of both the metrics associated with digital engagement and the response of consumers to consumer engagement with brands demonstrates how digital engagement ultimately results in a purchasing decision. The study analyzes engagement metrics and consumer responses to show how digital interactions translate into purchase decisions

This study examines the financial behaviour of Indian women towards saving and investment, with a comparative focus on earning women and housewives. In the evolving socio-economic landscape, women play a crucial role in managing household finances efficiently. The philosophy 'Mulgi Shikli, Pragati Jhali' highlights that increased education and awareness among women significantly contribute to family development and financial stability. The study is guided by four key objectives: to compare saving habits and motives, analyse investment preferences and awareness, assess financial literacy levels and the role of education, and evaluate risk tolerance and financial decision-making autonomy among the two groups. The research is based on primary data collected through structured questionnaires from 120 women across diverse socio-economic backgrounds in Pune district, Maharashtra. Analytical tools such as percentage analysis, comparative analysis, weighted averages, and the chi-square test have been used for interpretation. The findings reveal that earning women demonstrate higher financial independence, greater awareness of modern investment avenues such as mutual funds, equities, and insurance, and a stronger inclination towards calculated risk-taking. In contrast, housewives primarily rely on traditional and informal saving methods such as gold and community-based savings groups. The study concludes that while both earning women and housewives significantly contribute to household financial well-being, enhancing financial literacy, digital inclusion, and access to formal financial systems can further strengthen their participation in investment decision-making and wealth creation.

This research paper focuses on the study of the role of psychological factors in the consumer behaviour model. Consumer behaviour is a complex process influenced by various internal and external factors. Among these, psychological factors such as motivation, perception, personality, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions play a significant role in shaping consumer decision-making.

The main objective of this study is to understand how these psychological elements influence the buying behavior of consumers and affect their purchase decisions. The research highlights how motivation drives consumers to fulfill their needs, perception influences how they interpret information, and learning shapes their future buying behavior. Additionally, personality and emotions also contribute to individual preferences and choices.

This study is based on secondary data. secondary data is obtained from books, research articles, and online sources. The findings of the study indicate that psychological factors have a strong impact on consumer behavior and marketing strategies.

The study concludes that understanding psychological factors helps marketers to design effective marketing strategies and also helps businesses to satisfy consumer needs more efficiently.

The growth of the digital economy has transformed the way consumers engage in transactions, with personal data emerging as a valuable commercial resource. Although digital platforms provide ease and wider access, they also subject consumers to risks such as data breaches, profiling, and unfair trade practices. This paper offers a critical analysis of the intersection between consumer rights and data privacy, particularly in the Indian context. It evaluates the effectiveness of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 in protecting consumers within the digital marketplace. Further, it highlights regulatory shortcomings, challenges in enforcement, and suggests reforms to enhance legal safeguards in an increasingly digital environment.

Inflation is a key macroeconomic indicator that significantly influences economic growth, purchasing power, and financial stability. This study examines the trends and impact of inflation on the Indian economy over the period 2015–2026. The research is based on secondary data collected from reports of the Reserve Bank of India, Economic Survey, and other reliable sources. The findings reveal that inflation in India has remained largely within the tolerance band of 2–6% in recent years, with a moderate rate of approximately 3.4% in 2026. The study highlights that moderate inflation supports economic growth, while high inflation adversely affects purchasing power, savings, and investment. The paper concludes that maintaining a balanced inflation rate is essential for sustainable economic development.

The concept of freelancing has gained remarkable growth in recent years, driven by digitalization and the rising demand for flexible work arrangements. This research paper explores the idea of a Freelance Services Hub — an online platform designed to connect clients with skilled freelance professionals across various fields such as design, content creation, marketing, and IT services. The study aims to analyze the opportunities, challenges, and economic impact of such a platform in the Indian context.

Primary data was collected through surveys conducted among freelancers and businesses to understand their preferences, challenges, and trust factors in online freelancing. Secondary data was obtained from reports and existing freelance platforms such as Upwork, Fiverr, and Freelancer.com.

The findings reveal that freelancing provides significant income opportunities, work flexibility, and cost efficiency for both individuals and employers. However, issues such as payment security, job reliability, and platform transparency remain key concerns. The study concludes that the Freelance Services Hub can play a vital role in bridging this gap by offering a secure, transparent, and efficient digital marketplace for project-based employment, ultimately contributing to India’s growing digital economy.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in modern organizations, significantly influencing decision-making processes across various functional areas. This study aims to analyze the impact of AI on decision-making efficiency, accuracy, reliability, and overall organizational performance. In today’s data-driven business environment, organizations are increasingly adopting AI technologies to enhance their ability to process large volumes of data and generate meaningful insights.

The research adopts both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to 80 respondents, including students and working professionals from diverse backgrounds. Secondary data was gathered from research journals, academic articles, industry reports, and reputable online sources. The study uses percentage analysis along with graphical representations to interpret the data effectively.

The findings reveal that AI significantly improves the speed and accuracy of decision-making while reducing human errors and biases. It also supports better forecasting, strategic planning, and operational efficiency. However, the study highlights certain challenges such as moderate levels of trust in AI-based decisions, high implementation costs, lack of technical expertise, and concerns related to data privacy and security.

The study concludes that AI acts as a powerful support system that enhances human decision-making rather than replacing it. Organizations that successfully integrate AI with human intelligence are more likely to achieve improved decision quality, innovation, and sustainable competitive advantage in the evolving digital economy.

The conflict between Iran and United States (2026) has led to immense disruption of trade dynamics across the world, disturbing the international balance of businesses and economies. Nations relying heavily on the import of crude oil from the Middle East via the strategically crucial Persian Gulf have been under economic stress owing to geopolitical tension causing changes in oil prices, rise in the cost of marine shipping insurance, and interruptions in important waterways like the Strait of Hormuz.

Being among the greatest consumers of crude oil from the Middle East region, the Indian economy remains extremely vulnerable to this issue. Most of India's energy needs are fulfilled by importing oil from the Gulf countries; hence, the country's economic condition is largely dependent upon the pricing and supply issues. Furthermore, India has developed close ties with nations from the Middle East regarding export activities. Textiles, food items, and machinery have been exported from the country to destinations like the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. These export markets have been severely affected by the ongoing conflict. By applying appropriate research methodology, including data analysis and comparative assessment, the study seeks to understand how geopolitical tensions influence India’s broader business environment and economic stability.

This research paper intends to provide a thorough analysis of the problem regarding its impacts on the import and export situation in India.

Travel has been a part of peoples lives for a very long time but now it is a huge industry that is growing really fast.

One of the interesting things that is happening is that people are starting to visit rural areas. This is not about going to the countryside it is about really experiencing rural life. The beautiful landscapes, the old traditions and the history of these places.

Rural tourism is a thing for travelers but it is also very good for the people who live in these areas. It gives them the power to be in charge of their land and resources.

When you go to these places you are entering a world where the natural environment, the culture and the economy all come together. You can see it in the way people do things and how they work together as friends. These experiences are usually small so they are better for the environment. They are more real.

At its core rural tourism is often something that families or whole communities do together. In small towns these small projects help people make a living and they are not just based on farming. Rural tourism provides a roadmap to development of rural area, where each visitor contributes to empowering the livelihoods and well-being of rural people.

Digital transformation has become an important factor determining the competitiveness in the current fast-paced business world. The current research explores the effect of digital transformation on organizational agility in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Organizational agility is described by a firm's capacity to identify changes in the external environment and react to these changes through innovation, flexibility, and rapid response. The study employs a mixed methodology, which includes collecting quantitative information from 120 SMEs using a questionnaire and qualitative data obtained through interviewing 15 business managers. Data analysis used statistics, including correlations and regressions, by utilizing the SPSS software. Based on the findings from the research conducted, there exists a significant positive relationship between digital transformation and organizational agility. The incorporation of innovative technology such as cloud computing, analytics, and automation has played a major role in enhancing organizational agility among SMEs. Nevertheless, problems related to expensive implementation process, low level of digital skills, and resistance to changes exist. It should be stated that digital transformation is a strategic and cultural process, rather than a technological one.

E-banking also known as electronic banking has revolutionized the financial services sector. It enables customers to conduct banking transactions through platforms. This research paper explores e-banking’s role in reshaping the modern financial landscape. The study examines advancements, internet penetration and smartphone use. These factors have accelerated embanking adoption globally. Key benefits include convenience, cost efficiency, improved accessibility and enhanced customer experience.

The research also addresses e-banking challenges, such as cybersecurity threats and digital illiteracy. A mixed-method approach is used, incorporating quantitative data from secondary sources.

The findings reveal e-banking has improved efficiency for banks. It empowers customers with time financial control. However security concerns and lack of awareness remain barriers to adoption. The study concludes that continuous technological innovation, robust security systems and customer education are essential. The evolution of banking has undergone a transformation with digital technology. Traditional banking methods required presence and manual processes. Electronic banking systems allow users to perform transactions anytime and anywhere-banking refers to channels such as the internet, mobile applications, ATMs and digital platforms. Over the past decade information technology and telecommunications have played a role in e-banking expansion. In developing countries like India government initiatives promoting digitalization and financial inclusion have accelerated e-banking adoption. Services such as banking, internet banking and digital wallets are integral to daily financial activities. This paper aims to analyses e-banking’s impact on the financial sector its advantages, challenges and future prospects.

The employment generated by the tourism business, the nature of employment, the government's efforts to create employment, the impact of policies on professionals and workers, and obstacles and problems in the creation of employment have been studied. The importance of the presented research is to see the economic and social changes caused by the development of the tourism business in Konkan. An attempt has been made to preserve the uniqueness of the research to study their impact on the rural economy in Konkan. It has been seen that the highest number of e-travellers are from five countries namely Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore and the Philippines. In 2015, the highest number of e-travelers was 50371 (31.7%) from USA. It is followed by Germany and Russia. Although e-travelers from New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Philippines have decreased, the number of e-travellers coming to India continues to increase. This is certainly a remarkable aspect in terms of tourism development.

Tourism is not only limited to earning the country's currency or increasing the national income of the country but is also important for the economic, social and cultural development of the country. After the Second World War, tourism developed rapidly. The main reasons for the rapid development of international tourism are the increasing standard of living of the people, technological changes in means of transportation, new techniques of tourism marketing etc. Tourism has become the need of the hour for people living under a lot of stress in today's world. Tourism is needed to get away from the daily boring busy routine. Due to the increasing number of tourists, many countries are investing a lot of capital in developing infrastructure services for tourism; Therefore, more and more tourists are attracted and in turn, the tourism business is flourishing. Even developing countries are seriously considering the development of tourism, as it is a great means of earning foreign exchange.

This study attempts to understand the impact of print advertisements on the formation of brand preference and purchasing behavior of women consumers in the household appliances industry. While the scope of digital media has increased tremendously over the last few years, print advertising remains relevant because of its credibility and the amount of detailed information it can communicate. As women play an important role in making decisions about household products, they are influenced considerably by the type of advertisement they find appealing and worth buying.

This study applies both descriptive and analytical methods of research. Primary data was gathered using a structured questionnaire distributed among female consumers and based on Likert scales, while secondary data was collected through academic books and journals. Earlier consumer behavior and advertising literature has also been considered for secondary data collection. Various analytical tools like percentage analysis, mean score analysis, and correlation have been applied.

According to the findings, print advertising plays a significant part in building brand awareness, brand trust, and buying intentions. Visual appeal, information readability, and credibility of the medium were noted to influence consumer attitudes. While youth is more reliant on the digital medium, print advertisements are still significant for middle-aged and older females. In conclusion, print advertisements may be considered a very influential mode of communication, particularly when used in conjunction with other forms of communication, especially in molding female consumer attitudes in the field of household appliances.

These results confirm that print advertising plays a key role in brand awareness, credibility, and purchase intentions. Factors like visual appeal, informational accuracy, and media credibility have been seen to affect consumer perceptions. Although younger generations tend to depend more on digital platforms, print advertisements still play an important role for middle-aged and older females.

The results show that print advertising is an efficient communication channel that can be used together with other media channels to effectively communicate with women consumers in the household appliances industry.

This research paper examines the effectiveness of promotional tools in the food and beverage industry with special reference to Raigad, Maharashtra. The study focuses on understanding how various promotional strategies such as advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, digital marketing, and word-of-mouth influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions. The research adopts a descriptive design and relies on both primary and secondary data sources. Consumers show a strong preference for offers and value-based pricing, while they tend to resist additional costs such as packaging charges. The study also highlights that lifestyle factors such as occupation, family structure, and income significantly influence consumption patterns. The paper concludes that promotional tools play a crucial role in enhancing customer engagement, increasing sales, and building long-term brand loyalty. Businesses must adopt a balanced mix of traditional and modern promotional strategies to remain competitive in a dynamic market.

The modern economic environment, characterized by rapid technological advancements, globalization, and fluctuating macroeconomic conditions, significantly influences business strategies and overall performance. This study examines the multifaceted impact of contemporary economic forces such as inflation, interest rates, digitalization, and labour market shifts on organizational decision-making. Utilizing a descriptive and analytical approach based on primary survey data and secondary literature, the research evaluates the distinct challenges and growth opportunities present in today’s ecosystem. Key findings indicate that while globalization and digital adoption open vast market avenues, businesses struggle intensely with competitive pressures, skill shortages, and the rising costs of technology. The study concludes that strategic adaptability, robust financial discipline, and proactive environmental scanning are imperative for long-term survival. Organizations that effectively leverage digital tools and sustainable practices demonstrate higher resilience against external economic shocks.

This project compares Samsung and iPhone to understand their features, performance, and popularity. The main aim is to identify which brand offers better value, technology, and user experience. The study is based on online research, customer reviews, and comparison of specifications such as design, camera quality, battery life, software, and price. Samsung provides a wide range of smartphones with various price options and features, along with customizable Android software. In contrast, iPhones are known for smooth performance, strong security, and a user-friendly iOS system. The research uses secondary data from official websites, reviews, and user feedback to analyze factors like operating systems, storage, updates, and overall satisfaction. Samsung appeals to users seeking variety and flexibility, while iPhone attracts those who prefer reliability and security. The project concludes that both brands are excellent, and the final choice depends on the user’s budget, needs, and personal preferences.

The rapid advancement of digital technology and the widespread adoption of the internet have significantly transformed consumer buying behavior across the globe. One of the most notable developments in recent years is the emergence and growth of online grocery shopping, which has revolutionized the traditional retail landscape. This research paper aims to analyze consumer perception towards online grocery shopping, focusing on key determinants such as convenience, pricing, product quality, trust, and delivery efficiency.

The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 respondents, while secondary data was gathered from academic journals, articles, and existing research studies. The paper concludes that while online grocery shopping has immense growth potential, especially in developing economies like India, companies must address consumer concerns and improve service quality to ensure long-term success.The research identifies the factors influencing consumer adoption of online grocery platforms and highlights the challenges faced by consumers while using such services.

The rapid expansion of digital businesses has transformed traditional valuation frameworks by introducing new value drivers such as data, platforms, algorithms, and network effects. Unlike conventional firms that rely on tangible assets, digital enterprises derive significant value from intangible resources, making their valuation complex and uncertain. This research article examines the key challenges associated with valuing digital businesses, including intangible asset measurement, revenue unpredictability, and regulatory risks. It also explores emerging opportunities such as data-driven valuation models, artificial intelligence-based analytics, and platform scalability. The study adopts a conceptual and analytical approach based on secondary data sources and literature review. The findings suggest that traditional valuation methods are inadequate in the digital context and must be supplemented with innovative, forward-looking approaches. The research contributes to a better understanding of modern valuation techniques and highlights the need for integrated financial and non-financial metrics in the digital economy.

This study examines the concept of budgeting and budgetary control and its impact on organizational performance from a theoretical perspective. In the modern business environment, organizations rely heavily on financial planning and control systems to achieve efficiency and sustainability. Budgeting serves as a tool for forecasting income and expenditure, while budgetary control ensures that actual performance aligns with planned objectives through variance analysis and corrective action.

The research is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data sources, including academic literature and project-based analysis. The study also incorporates case-based insights to understand the practical application of budgeting systems across different organizational contexts. The findings reveal that effective budgetary control improves cost management, financial discipline, and decision-making. However, limitations such as rigidity and behavioral resistance may affect its implementation. The study concludes that modern approaches such as participative and zero-based budgeting enhance organizational performance when properly implemented.

This study examines India’s investment environment and the key factors influencing investment decisions and market participation. India has emerged as a strong investment destination due to consistent economic growth, financial sector expansion, regulatory reforms, technological progress, and increasing financial awareness among investors. The analysis focuses on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, inflation trends, interest rate movements, and government fiscal policies to understand their impact on investment behavior and capital flows. It also evaluates sector-wise performance of banking, information technology, pharmaceuticals, infrastructure, and consumer goods to identify stable and high-growth investment opportunities. The study highlights the role of domestic and foreign investors, including institutional participation, in shaping market trends and volatility. Overall, it shows a clear shift from traditional savings instruments to market-linked investments like equity shares and mutual funds for better inflation-adjusted returns.

The study examines the relationship between risk and return in equity investments, which are important for long-term wealth creation but involve uncertainty due to market fluctuations. It is based on historical data of selected companies and uses tools like average return, standard deviation, variance, beta, and correlation to measure performance and risk levels. The research compares individual shares with market benchmarks to assess efficiency and classifies them into high, moderate, and low-risk categories. It also evaluates whether higher risk leads to higher returns and analyzes the stability of returns during market changes. The study highlights the importance of diversification in reducing overall portfolio risk. Findings reveal that although risk and return are generally positively related, the relationship is not always consistent. Some stocks offer stable returns with low risk, while others provide higher returns with greater volatility. Investors should consider risk, stability, and goals before investing.

Investment portfolio management and risk optimization are fundamental concepts in modern financial decision-making. This study examines the relationship between portfolio diversification, risk management strategies, and their impact on investor returns. The objective is to understand how optimized portfolio allocation helps in minimizing risk while maximizing returns.

The research is descriptive and based on secondary data and project analysis. It incorporates theoretical concepts such as diversification, risk-return trade-off, and modern portfolio theory, along with survey-based insights. Graphical representations are used to interpret investor preferences, risk tolerance, and portfolio performance. The findings suggest that diversified portfolios significantly reduce unsystematic risk and improve return stability. Risk optimization techniques enhance decision-making and financial security. However, lack of awareness and market volatility remain key challenges. The study concludes that effective portfolio management is essential for achieving long-term financial goals.

India’s e-commerce industry has experienced significant growth over the last decade, becoming an important force in economic development and digital access. This study examines its progression, present trends, key challenges, and future prospects. Major growth factors include increasing internet availability, rising smartphone usage, and the expansion of digital payment systems such as UPI. It also highlights the influence of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automation in improving customer engagement and operational performance.

However, the sector faces challenges such as intense market competition, supply chain inefficiencies, data security concerns, and regulatory issues. At the same time, new growth avenues are emerging through rural market expansion, quick commerce services, and direct-to-consumer (D2C) strategies. Based on secondary sources like industry reports and official publications, the study concludes that despite ongoing challenges, continuous innovation and a growing user base will support sustained long-term growth.

This study examines the impact of direct marketing strategies on consumer buying behaviour in the furniture industry, with special reference to Furnitech in Navi Mumbai. In an increasingly competitive and digitalized marketplace, businesses are adopting targeted communication techniques such as email marketing, telemarketing, and social media advertising to influence consumer decisions. The research aims to analyse how direct marketing tools affect customer awareness, engagement, and purchase decisions. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from consumers, while secondary data was gathered from journals and reports. The findings reveal that personalized communication, timely offers, and direct interaction significantly influence buying behaviour and enhance customer satisfaction. However, excessive or irrelevant communication may lead to negative perceptions. The study concludes that effective direct marketing, when properly targeted and executed, plays a crucial role in shaping consumer preferences and improving business performance in the furniture sector.

The rapid growth of e-commerce has transformed the way consumers purchase goods and services. This study focuses on analysing customer satisfaction towards online shopping with special reference to amazon in Raigad district. The research aims to evaluate consumer behaviour, satisfaction levels, and factors influencing purchasing decisions on online platforms. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data was collected from 100 respondents through a structured questionnaire.

The findings indicate that customers prefer online shopping due to convenience, product variety, and competitive pricing. Product quality, discounts, and fast delivery are key factors influencing satisfaction. The study also reveals that word-of-mouth and family recommendations significantly impact purchasing decisions. Despite several advantages, concerns such as delivery delays, product mismatch, and security risks still exist.

The research concludes that customer satisfaction plays a crucial role in building loyalty and repeat purchases. Online platforms must focus on improving service quality, delivery efficiency, and customer trust to sustain growth in competitive markets.

The commodity market is an essential component of the global financial system, where precious metals like gold and silver serve as significant investment options. This study examines and compares the performance, investment value, and economic importance of these two metals in the modern market. Gold is widely recognized as a secure investment, especially during periods of inflation and economic instability, due to its ability to preserve value. In contrast, silver has a dual role, functioning both as an investment asset and an industrial metal, which makes its price more sensitive to market changes. The research is based on a descriptive and analytical approach using secondary data to study price trends, volatility, and key influencing factors over recent years. The findings suggest that gold offers stability and long-term security, while silver presents higher risk with potential for greater returns. Both metals are important for effective portfolio diversification.

In today’s dynamic economic environment, marked by inflation, irregular income patterns, and increasing financial complexity, financial goal setting and wealth planning have become essential for long-term stability. This study explores how structured financial planning supports individuals in managing savings, investments, and risks effectively. It examines the classification of financial goals into short-term, medium-term, and long-term categories and analyzes their influence on financial behaviour. The research is based on secondary data collected from academic sources, financial reports, and existing theoretical frameworks. The findings reveal that individuals with well-defined financial goals tend to exhibit greater financial discipline, consistent saving habits, and more strategic investment decisions. However, factors such as limited financial awareness, income uncertainty, and behavioural biases act as significant barriers to effective planning. The study concludes that systematic wealth planning is vital for achieving financial independence and highlights the need for improving financial literacy to strengthen personal financial management.

Cost–Volume–Profit (CVP) analysis is an essential tool in managerial accounting that helps examine the relationship between costs, sales volume, and profitability. This study evaluates the effectiveness of CVP analysis in facilitating managerial decision-making, cost control, and profit planning. A descriptive research design has been adopted, using both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from academic sources such as journals and textbooks. The results indicate that CVP analysis plays a significant role in determining key financial measures such as break-even point, contribution margin, and margin of safety. It supports managers in making informed decisions related to pricing, production levels, and cost management. Although the technique is based on certain assumptions, it remains highly useful in practical situations. The study concludes that CVP analysis improves decision-making efficiency and supports long-term business sustainability.

Inflation significantly affects financial reporting and decision-making by reducing purchasing power over time. Traditional historical cost accounting records transactions at original values, which ensures simplicity but often fails to reflect current economic reality during rising prices. This can lead to distorted profits, undervalued assets, and misleading financial ratios. This study examines inflation accounting, its methods, and its impact on financial statements. It analyzes how inflation distorts reported performance and evaluates inflation-adjusted accounting techniques in improving accuracy. The study also highlights relevance in hyperinflationary economies and discusses standards such as IAS 29 issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Overall, it emphasizes the need for more realistic reporting to support better financial analysis and decision-making in changing price environments globally relevant.

Inflation remains a major macroeconomic issue that directly impacts household purchasing power, especially within the middle-income group. This study explores how rising price levels affect consumption habits, savings patterns, and overall financial stability of middle-class families in India. The research is based on primary data collected through structured questionnaires, along with supporting secondary data. It identifies a growing mismatch between income growth and increasing living expenses. The results show that inflation has reduced real income, compelling households to focus more on essential needs while cutting down on non-essential spending. Furthermore, the ability to save and invest has declined, leading many families to depend on credit facilities for managing expenses. The study also reveals increased financial pressure and stress among respondents. It suggests measures such as wage adjustments, tax benefits, and improved financial literacy to reduce the adverse effects of inflation on middle-class households.

Customer perception plays a vital role in determining the success of a brand in today’s competitive market. This study focuses on analyzing customer perception towards Titan watches in India. The research aims to understand how consumers evaluate the brand based on factors such as quality, design, pricing, durability, and after-sales services. A descriptive research design has been adopted, and primary data was collected through structured questionnaires from 100 respondents.

The findings indicate that customers generally have a positive perception of Titan watches due to their brand reputation, design variety, and reliability. Factors such as product quality and brand image strongly influence purchasing decisions. However, areas like product variety and after-sales service need further improvement. The study concludes that maintaining customer satisfaction and continuously innovating product offerings are essential for sustaining competitiveness in the watch industry.

This study examines the impact of direct marketing strategies on consumer buying behaviour in the furniture industry, with special reference to Furnitech in Navi Mumbai. In an increasingly competitive and digitalized marketplace, businesses are adopting targeted communication techniques such as email marketing, telemarketing, and social media advertising to influence consumer decisions. The research aims to analyse how direct marketing tools affect customer awareness, engagement, and purchase decisions. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from consumers, while secondary data was gathered from journals and reports. The findings reveal that personalized communication, timely offers, and direct interaction significantly influence buying behaviour and enhance customer satisfaction. However, excessive or irrelevant communication may lead to negative perceptions. The study concludes that effective direct marketing, when properly targeted and executed, plays a crucial role in shaping consumer preferences and improving business performance in the furniture sector.

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) have become a key strategy for corporate growth and expansion in today’s competitive business environment. Organizations adopt M&A to achieve rapid growth, enhance market share, and improve overall efficiency compared to internal expansion methods. A merger involves the combination of two companies into a single entity, while an acquisition refers to one company taking control of another. These strategies help firms enter new markets, access advanced technology, and reduce competition. M&A also enable companies to achieve synergies, where combined operations result in greater value than individual performance. Additionally, businesses benefit from improved resource utilization, skilled workforce, and stronger brand presence. Proper valuation techniques and strategic planning are essential for successful M&A deals. Overall, mergers and acquisitions play a vital role in strengthening competitive advantage and ensuring long-term business sustainability.

In the modern business environment, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have emerged as powerful strategic tools for corporate growth, expansion, and restructuring. This study examines the role of M&A in enhancing organizational efficiency, market competitiveness, and long-term sustainability in the Indian corporate sector. The research integrates both primary data (through structured questionnaires) and secondary data (from books, journals, and reports) to analyze the motives, impact, and challenges of M&A activities.

The findings indicate that companies primarily engage in M&A for achieving synergy, expanding market share, acquiring technology, and improving financial performance. However, challenges such as cultural integration issues, regulatory barriers, and financial risks continue to affect the success rate of such transactions. The study concludes that while M&A is an effective growth strategy, its success depends on proper planning, due diligence, and post-merger integration.

The rapid growth of e-commerce in India has transformed consumer buying behavior, making online shopping a preferred choice due to convenience, affordability, and variety. This research paper presents a comparative study of Flipkart and Amazon India, the two dominant players in the Indian e-commerce market. The study examines their marketing strategies, logistics systems, customer satisfaction, and technological innovations. It highlights how Flipkart leverages its strong understanding of the Indian market, while Amazon utilizes its global expertise and advanced technology. The research also evaluates consumer preferences and identifies key factors influencing customer loyalty. The findings reveal that both companies adopt distinct yet effective strategies, contributing to increased competition, better services, and enhanced customer experience in the Indian e-commerce sector.

In the rapidly evolving digital marketplace, online reviews and ratings have emerged as critical determinants of consumer purchase decisions. This study investigates the influence of online reviews on consumer behaviour, focusing on factors such as credibility, valence (positive/negative reviews), and review volume. Using a structured questionnaire approach and supported by secondary data, the study applies descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to evaluate consumer perceptions. Findings reveal that online reviews significantly impact purchase intention by reducing perceived risk and increasing trust. Negative reviews have a stronger psychological impact compared to positive ones, often discouraging purchase decisions. The study highlights the importance of authentic and credible reviews for e-commerce success.

Q-commerce is a fast-growing disruptive technology and an innovation in e-commerce that revolutionized the world of online retailing. Being based on rapid delivery, often within just 10-30 minutes, Q-commerce revolves around convenience, speed, and local distribution practices. This research project will focus on studying the influence of Q-commerce on traditional e-commerce using the secondary method of analysis that relies on previously published sources, articles, books, databases, and scholarly literature. Variables considered in this research include delivery speed, pricing policy, customer behavior, and operational efficiency.

From the results obtained through research from various previous studies, it can be seen that the major determinants of purchase frequency and consumer satisfaction within the Q-commerce framework are delivery speed while traditional e-commerce focuses mostly on price competitiveness, variety of products offered, and planning-based purchases. Q-commerce has fostered impulsive purchasing because it reduces drastically the gap between the time of decision-making and receipt of the product purchased.

In addition, the development of Q-commerce has increased competition among players within the retail industry and made it necessary for traditional e-commerce businesses to diversify their operations in a manner that incorporates quicker deliveries and better management of logistics processes in delivering the products to customers. Nonetheless, Q-commerce has been associated with several challenges in terms of high expenses and thin profit margins.

Nonetheless, it is likely to thrive in the near future because of rising urbanization, increased smartphone usage, and the desire for convenience among consumers. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that Q-commerce is not a replacement of traditional e-commerce because it complements it since they target different aspects of consumer behavior.

Inflation is a continuous rise in price levels that significantly impacts financial reporting and business decisions. Conventional accounting methods based on historical cost often fail to present a realistic financial position during inflationary periods. This study explores the concept, significance, and practical issues of inflation accounting in the current business environment. It uses a combination of primary and secondary data to assess its applicability. Primary data was collected through questionnaires administered to accounting professionals and small business owners, while secondary data was gathered from books, journals, and financial records. The results indicate that inflation accounting improves the reliability and relevance of financial statements by adjusting for changing price levels. However, its adoption is restricted due to factors such as complexity, high implementation cost, absence of standardized guidelines, and organizational reluctance. The study concludes that although inflation accounting is conceptually valuable, its practical use remains limited, especially among small and medium enterprises, requiring simplified methods and institutional support.

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India represents a major reform aimed at simplifying the indirect taxation system and enhancing economic efficiency. This study investigates the impact of GST on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which are vital contributors to employment and GDP. The research focuses on key areas such as tax compliance, cost structure, technological adaptation, and overall business performance. Based on secondary data from journals, government reports, and industry publications, the study finds that GST has improved transparency, reduced tax cascading, and enabled wider market access. However, SMEs faced challenges during the initial phase, including increased compliance burden, digital literacy requirements, and working capital constraints. Over time, many SMEs adapted to the new system and benefited from streamlined operations and formalization. The study concludes that while GST has positively influenced SMEs in the long run, continuous support in terms of policy simplification and digital training is essential for sustained growth.

This study investigates gender-based differences in financial risk tolerance and investment behaviour, with a specific focus on the role of emotional intelligence (EI) and financial anxiety. A survey-based research design was employed using a sample of 150 adult investors, comprising 75 male and 75 female participants. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires measuring risk tolerance, emotional intelligence, and financial anxiety. Statistical techniques, including independent samples t-tests and multiple regression analysis, were used to examine the relationships among variables. The findings indicate that male investors exhibit significantly higher risk tolerance compared to female investors. In contrast, female investors demonstrate higher levels of emotional intelligence but also report greater financial anxiety. Further analysis reveals that financial anxiety has a significant negative impact on risk tolerance, whereas emotional intelligence positively influences investment decision-making. The study underscores the importance of psychological and emotional factors in explaining gender differences in investment behaviour. It provides valuable insights for financial advisors, policymakers, and educators to design more inclusive and behaviourally informed financial strategies.

The Indian snack food industry is one of the fastest-growing segments within the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector, valued at over Rs. 50,000 crore and expanding at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 10–12%. Within this competitive landscape, Haldiram's and Balaji Wafers stand out as two dominant players pursuing distinct yet overlapping marketing strategies to acquire and retain customers. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the competitive marketing strategies employed by both brands for customer acquisition in today's dynamic marketplace. A primary survey was conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents drawn from urban and semi-urban regions across India using purposive and stratified random sampling. Structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observational techniques were deployed. Findings reveal that Haldiram's relies heavily on brand heritage, premium positioning, wide product portfolio, and national-level advertising, while Balaji leverages aggressive price competition, regional dominance (particularly in Gujarat and Maharashtra), strong distributor networks, and value-for-money propositions. Both brands are increasingly investing in digital marketing and e-commerce channels. The study concludes with strategic recommendations to enhance customer acquisition efficacy for both organizations.

Integrating digital innovation, e-commerce expansion, and inclusive banking to transform rural markets into sustainable drivers of economic growth.

The present study examines the transformation of rural markets in India in the digital era, with a focus on e-commerce, e-banking, and changing consumer behaviour. The objective of the study is to understand how digital technologies are reshaping rural markets, improving financial inclusion, and influencing consumption patterns. The study is based on secondary sources including peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books, and credible institutional web reports related to rural digital transformation and financial systems.

The findings indicate that rural markets are experiencing a structural shift due to increasing internet penetration, smartphone adoption, and government initiatives promoting digital inclusion. Digital banking and financial technologies have significantly improved access to financial services and reduced dependence on cash-based transactions (Chakraborty & Mukherjee, 2023; Reserve Bank of India, 2023). E-commerce platforms have expanded market access and product availability, enabling rural consumers to engage in broader digital marketplaces (Sarao & Kaur, 2024).

The study also highlights that rural consumer behaviour is gradually shifting from traditional purchasing patterns to digital, convenience-driven, and aspirational consumption. However, challenges such as digital illiteracy, infrastructural gaps, and cybersecurity risks continue to limit full adoption of digital services (Patel, 2024). Despite these barriers, digital transformation is creating significant opportunities for rural development, entrepreneurship, and financial inclusion.

The study concludes that digitalization has a positive and significant impact on rural markets and supports inclusive economic growth. It emphasizes the need for stronger digital infrastructure, improved digital literacy, and secure online ecosystems to ensure sustainable rural development.

In an age of global warming and other environmental issues and disasters, it is important for every human being to remember that our planet is a very sensitive creation and everything happens in one part of the world will have a collateral impact on the other part. Taken collectively, schools are major consumers of energy, paper, food, water, cleaning products, and other resources, and generate waste, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. They also have the potential to use resources efficiently, become producers of their own power, and serve as models of environmental sustainability for their communities, means be eco-justice. This potential, combined with their ability to teach the next generation and communities of families by example, makes schools strategic actors in the drive to transform the world’s energy and resource consumption from a destructive model towards more sustainable patterns of development.

So, world should turn to products that offer Eco justice; recycled products and products grown using sustainable, natural growing practices. “Social innovation” is increasingly common and it’s emerging worldwide. So, people realize that it’s high time to work together to find new solutions and to challenge the age-old techniques faced by our society. In the current, digital, modern classrooms, the consumption of paper has increased tremendously. After few round of discussions with eco-club students and some experts, the researcher identified the process of process of paper mills for making papers and the environmental issues formed by these activities. So the researcher suggests an ecofriendly paper from eco-waste which leads to eco-justice.

Banana trunks were previously considered as waste. But now environment friendly banana paper is made from banana palm fiber after going through a series of process and thereby it will mark a new era for sustainability. Banana paper has a long shelf life and it is the strongest of the long fibers ever found amidst natural fibers and it is now providing endless possibilities including saving our earths green umbrella. Our main purpose is to create a new, unique paper with an attitude of serenity and character for every student who wants to embark on an eco-friendly adventure.

India’s personal law framework reflects its rich pluralistic heritage but also reveals a deep-rooted legal inconsistency in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and guardianship. Different religious communities are governed by their own personal laws, many of which reinforce patriarchal norms and violate constitutional guarantees of equality and non-discrimination. This research critically examines the contradictions inherent in India’s current system of personal laws and explores the constitutional, judicial, and social imperatives for implementing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC).

The paper begins with an analysis of the constitutional mandate under Article 44 and the tension between fundamental rights (Articles 14, 15) and religious freedom (Articles 25–28). It evaluates the impact of key Supreme Court judgments such as Shah Bano, Sarla Mudgal, and John Vallamattom in shaping the discourse on civil uniformity. By comparing the personal law regimes of France, Turkey, and Israel, the study explores international models for balancing individual rights and cultural identity.

The research argues for a gradual, inclusive approach to the UCC, emphasizing internal reforms, codification of existing personal laws, and stakeholder consultation. It warns against imposing uniformity in a top-down manner, proposing instead a gender-just and culturally sensitive civil code that aligns with India’s constitutional vision.

Through doctrinal and comparative legal methods, this paper concludes that a balanced UCC can promote legal clarity, gender equality, and national integration without eroding India’s commitment to religious and cultural pluralism.

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) refers to the traditional knowledge, wisdom, and practices developed and preserved in India over thousands of years. It includes various fields such as science, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, arts, and culture that have been passed down through generations. The Indian Knowledge System (IKS), encompassing diverse domains such as Linguistics, Ayurveda, Yoga, and Astronomy is formally acknowledged and promoted under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. To ensure its long-term preservation, relevance, and integration into modern frameworks, technological intervention is essential. With rapid advancements in digital technologies, these traditional domains are being systematically preserved, disseminated, and repurposed for contemporary relevance. Even after being introduced in Indian classrooms, ICT's revolutionary potential is still untapped, and state-by-state integration varies. While Indian media has played a pivotal role in making IKS more accessible through print, radio, television, and digital platforms, the commercialization and sensationalization of IKS in contemporary media pose challenges to its authenticity. Access, equality, quality, and innovation challenges in education may all be addressed by combining ICT and IKS. In order to establish a culturally grounded and future-ready educational system in India and promote a healthy balance between tradition and modernity in the learning process, it is imperative that ICT be emphasized within the IKS framework. This chapter explores the dynamic relationship between IKS and digital media, examining how media has facilitated the preservation, transformation, and transmission of IKS from oral traditions to the digital age.

India–Nepal relations are frequently portrayed as exceptional due to deep civilizational, religious, linguistic, and socio-cultural ties that long predate the modern nation-state. Indian foreign policy discourse consistently frames these shared cultural foundations as the core of its cultural diplomacy and soft-power engagement with Nepal. Yet, recurrent political tensions, sovereignty-centric nationalism in Nepal, and Nepal’s increasing diversification of external partnerships complicate this narrative. This paper critically examines whether India’s cultural diplomacy towards Nepal functions as a substantive instrument of influence or remains largely rhetorical. Drawing on a qualitative and interpretive methodology, the study analyzes India’s principal cultural diplomacy instruments—including educational exchanges, cultural institutions, heritage and pilgrimage initiatives, symbolic festivals, and people-to-people ties—against Nepalese perceptions shaped by historical memory and political experience. The paper argues that while India’s cultural diplomacy is institutionally extensive and historically grounded, its effectiveness is frequently undermined by credibility deficits arising from policy incoherence and perceived asymmetry. The findings contribute to debates on soft power and public diplomacy in asymmetric regional relationships and suggest that cultural proximity alone does not guarantee diplomatic influence without sustained reciprocity, local ownership, and alignment between cultural messaging and foreign policy practice.

The inclusion of the Circular Economy (CE) concept into the hospitality industry is a critical area of research, particularly in addressing environmental issues and sustainability. This research aims to undertake a comprehensive bibliometric research of published literature from 2005 to 2025. This research aims to systematically explore and monitor research trends using a systematic research selection method based on the PRISMA protocol. Initially, from a Scopus database, 2,409 articles were selected, narrowing down to a final list of 156 articles, chapters, and edited volumes. This research aims to use quantitative and network analysis techniques using VOSviewer software. The research aims are to identify major collaborative networks, assess the intellectual influence of research actors, and identify the theoretical underpinnings of CE in Hospitality. The expected outcomes of this research are to identify major research clusters, influential journals, and thematic clusters of contemporary research using bibliographic coupling. The research indicates that CE in hospitality is a dynamic and evolving field, particularly because it is interdisciplinary. The research indicates significant growth in CE research in hospitality. This research aims to articulate historical research and research hotspots, including gaps in research, particularly in addressing CE challenges. The research aims to provide a foundational reference for addressing sustainability issues in the global hospitality industry.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the field of education by creating new opportunities as well as significant challenges. AI-powered technologies have the potential to personalize learning experiences, improve student engagement, support teachers in instructional planning, and enhance data-driven decision-making in educational institutions. Through intelligent tutoring systems, automated assessment, and adaptive learning platforms, AI can make education more accessible, efficient, and learner-centered.

Despite these advantages, the integration of AI in education also raises several concerns related to ethics, privacy, digital inequality, lack of technological infrastructure, and overdependence on technology. The successful implementation of AI requires trained educators, responsible use of data, and policies that ensure fairness, inclusivity, and cyber security. Moreover, educators must develop AI literacy and adopt human-centered pedagogical approaches to ensure that technology complements rather than replaces the role of teachers.

This study highlights both the opportunities and challenges associated with AI in education and emphasizes the need for balanced and ethical integration of AI technologies. It concludes that AI should not be viewed as a threat, but as a transformative tool that can enrich teaching and learning when used responsibly and effectively.

Community engagement is at the heart of meaningful teacher education, connecting aspiring educators with the real contexts in which they will work. This case study explores how B.Ed. student teachers at a secondary college in Nagaland - guided by national frameworks and standards - move beyond the classroom to contribute to and learn from their communities. Through interviews, focus groups, and document analysis, the research captures not only the activities these future teachers conducted but also the challenges and rewards they experienced throughout their community engagement undertaken in the month of April 2025. By highlighting their stories and practical experiences, the study provides insights for educators and policymakers committed to nurturing reflective, socially conscious teachers who are deeply connected to the communities they serve.

This study examined the impact of social media usage on career decision-making among higher secondary students. Using a descriptive survey method, data were collected from 100 higher secondary students of Cuttack district, Odisha, India, through a self-developed questionnaire. The study analysed social media platform preferences, usage patterns, content consumption habits, and perceived benefits and challenges of using social media for career guidance. The findings indicate that 80% of students have access to smartphones, with YouTube being the most widely used platform (50%) for career-related content. A majority of students (64%) use social media to explore career options, and 72% report that it has expanded their awareness of new career opportunities. While social media is perceived as more influential than traditional sources like parents and teachers, students express only moderate confidence in the accuracy of online career information. The study further identifies key benefits—such as access to job information (37%) and immediate updates (25%)—alongside significant challenges, including exposure to misinformation (64%) and unreliable sources (24%). These findings underscore the need to integrate digital literacy and structured career counselling into the educational framework to empower adolescent students to make informed career decisions.

The rapid expansion of social media has fundamentally transformed political communication and civic engagement across the world. Digital platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, WhatsApp, and X (formerly Twitter) have emerged as influential sources of political information, particularly among young people who constitute the largest segment of social media users. Social media facilitates access to political information, encourages public discourse, and promotes civic participation by providing interactive and accessible channels of communication. Consequently, it has become a significant instrument for enhancing political awareness among youth.

However, the growing influence of social media has also generated concerns regarding misinformation, political polarization, and digital manipulation. The widespread dissemination of unverified information and the emergence of algorithm-driven echo chambers pose significant challenges to informed democratic participation. Against this backdrop, this article examines the relationship between social media and political awareness among youth from a global perspective, with India serving as a case study. Drawing upon existing literature and contemporary research, the study explores the opportunities and challenges associated with digital political engagement. The findings indicate that while social media has significantly enhanced political awareness and participation among youth, its democratic potential depends upon digital literacy, critical thinking, and responsible media consumption. The article concludes that social media can serve as a powerful instrument of democratic empowerment when accompanied by effective safeguards against misinformation and digital manipulation.